Differences Between Organic and Mechanical Structures - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1796 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORGANIC AND MECHANICAL STRUCTURES Organizational structures is very important for organizations because these structures create environment for to active the organizations. There are some differences between organic and mechanical structures. These differences has been found by Burns and Stalker. They are management scientist. They had searched relations between organizational design and environmental conditions. They organized interview to manager and office staff. They found these differences after their searching and interview. These differences are about environmental conditions. Mechanical structure more appropriate for places where have stagnant environmental conditions but organic structure not like that. Organic structure appropriate for places where environmental conditions change continuously. Mechanistic organizations are efficient, rigid, predictable, and standardized organization but organic organizations are flexible, adaptabl e, and team directed. Mechanical structure have classic management system properties. Specifically, mechanistic organizations are characterized by a rigid hierarchy; a heavy reliance on rules, policies, vertical specialization; centralized decision making, communications and narrowly defined tasks. Generally, mechanic structure has vicious cycle but organic structure suitable for productivity. Characteristics of Mechanical Structure Mechanical structure depends on the order and command relationships. This like a water company because water companies’ goals only product a bottle of water ideally. Water companies’s employees only focus on their one task. In mechanic structure relationships between members of the organization are vertical and formal. This can cause for some problem. For example top manager told task and how will done this to lower level person that task can be change until it goes to the lowest level. It can be big problem for a work. In a mechanica l structure administrators and managers interfere to every work and work is attached to the hub everytime. Work done for best and ideally. In mechanical structure administrators are responsible for works, problems or something. If there was a problem in a factory, admnistrator or manager is resbonsible because workers work detached from each other. Characteristics of Organic Structure In organic structure works done by workers’ relationships with each other. This like a film companies. Because film companies not only depend on one task or movie, they always create new something. For example, producers and other officials must be in information exchange because people want to new and orginal things from them everytime. In mechanical structure top manager told task and how will done this to lower level person that task can be change until it goes to the lowest level but in organic structure not like that. In Organic structures companies it not that way because in organ ic structure horizontal communication is valid. So persons be together usually and they be in communication everytime. They decide everything together. So tasks or something not change. In organic structure work is not attached to the hub and work not done good the good or best work is done. In organic structure works, everyone are resbonsible because they always be in communication for a work. They do works together or they decide something together not only manager rebonsible in this structure. For example a company is developing computer system. There is a group and they decided what they will do and they developed that. If that computer system has a problem this responsibility belongs to everyone because they decided together what they will do and what is true what is wrong. Differences Between These Structure Mechanical structures are mainly for companies that operate in a stable environment, use a centralized approach of authority, and maintain strong loyalty for managem ent. Organic structures are used in organizations facing unstable environments and must possess the ability to change accordingly. In the organic structures persons analyze, and distribute information and knowledge very quickly. This ensures that they stay competitive against other businesses. integrated with one another. Also, by implementing decentralized decision will help empower employees leading to greater creativity and better problem solving. I think organic structure more effectively for working organizations. Because, in mechanical structure communication contains only orders and reports. Organic structure agrees person’s special informations and working together. And organic structure hasn’t imperative things the structure has more information exchange so persons do their tasks and jobs more effectively. In the mechanical structure ‘’person to be expert in the field’’ this thing is more important but in the organic structure per sons can use their own speacial properties and informations. So organic structure more good and effectively for working. For example, there is a group of worker. They must repair a computer fan. If they know only about fans and they are proffessional fan repairmen they will repair only that fan but if they know about fan, about computer, and general technological things and if they can use these abilities and informations they will repair that fan and they can develop that fan, other computer fans or somethings about computer. So organic structure more good for working because group working, communication, special informations and abilities more helpful for working. Mechanical structure don’t let to persons for create more good job because in the mechanical structure managers only focus their task for best. In the organic structures persons, workers be able to creative. Mechanical structure has more production and efficiency its good for a job but the structure has more ce ntralization and formalization its not good i think. Because if centralization more less managers can use their own abilities and they can create more good job. In organic structure its possible because in organic structure formalization and centralization more less than mechanical structure. For example, If i was magazine editor in Level Magazine about games, i had would want to be organic structure in my office. Because magazine jobs are about communication. They must play games and search every new games together they have to write and think together what will they write and add new things for readers. Workers or writers must study together and they always must talk each other for their job. Writers must be talkative and creative already. If they don’t talk with people and not in communication they can’t write anything. But first they must talk each other of course. But my magazine’s factory must be in mechanical structure because they have to print my mag azine every month or week best. They must use their own properties and informations because they need common idea everytime. And in the work it must be low centralization, persons musn’t focus on central. If a manager want more productivity that job must be mechanical structure so workers must focus on only their tasks and jobs. They musn’t do anything other jobs and they musn’t create different things for their job. They musn’t use their own properties and their informations, in that job must be one knowledge manager. It must be more centralization and formalization for that job and product. Only top manager has every informations in the mechanical structure. I think organic structure more favorable and appropriate. Because, in my opinion, creativity and productivity is very or most important thing for work. If works conducted together they will be in communication and it will be good for relationships for people. Communication and relationship is most important thing for people and if they are good work will be good too. People’s brainstorms and communications will help and guide for find the best. In organic structure, people are independent so they can be better and develop themselves. In my opinion organic structure more democratic than mechanical structure. And people grow and develop themselves they will create new and more good more beneficial things. Of course mechanical structure good for some work for example product companies. Because they only need more product and they must be focus on center. They have only one task. Company create decision factory realize that decision. It is vicious circle. It like a relationship between dress company and factory. Dress company is creative and factory is manufecturer. For example Vans Company and Vans Factory. Vans dress company and workers follow fashion, look and search what kind of dress style people like and create different dress styles. So the company decide an d choose some of dress and factory start to product ideally. But factory can’t change these dress styles and something because they have to do only their work best. In this situation Vans Company has organic structure but Vans Factory has mechanical structure. Productivity is important for work. Being innovator is really important for work. In the mechanical structure workers only depend on their manager and they must be hanging on their job only. But I think workers must be innovator, they must be create more good job for productivity so again organic structure more favorable for working. If i had a company about electrical appliances and i had workers i would like they be i communication. I would like they are innovator because I wouldn’t want to product only same and good electrical appliance i would like to product different and more good more useful appliances. So if it will be possible my workers must be innovator, my workers musn’t depend on me and the y must product new and more good things everytime. In organic structure problems are solve together. For example there is a lamp and it is broken. If the responsibility be stuck to one man both would be a waste of time as well as reduced productivity. But if the responsibility be stuck to everyone and if they study together that problem will be solved more quickly and maybe they will find something new. I think hardware companies and factories are really good example for these differences. Hardware factories have a mechanical structure. In hardware factories workers work same time everyday and they do same things. In these factories the workers take order, they apply and do that. For example, their task is producting pink mause, they have to do them in their shift time. Hardware factories produce only what is requested so they have a mechanical structure. But hardware companies and other staff everytime must create something and they don’t work at certain times. For exa mple a hardware factory product keyborads. That hardware company must be create new keyboards for to attract attention and gain. And in that hardware company workers work together for best innovation. Hardware companies’ goals is innovation and creativity. In hardware factories administrators and managers interfere to every work and work is attached to the hub everytime. In hardware factories, workers do their work for best and ideally. Managers control and manage their workers and work. In hardware companies work is not attached to the hub because work is depends on counseling and supporting. They study something in groups and decide together. In that companies workers do the best job and develop them. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Differences Between Organic and Mechanical Structures" essay for you Create order

Analysis Of Othello And Iago - 1463 Words

Self-Awareness Self-awareness is the â€Å"conscious knowledge of one s own character, feelings, motives, and desires†(Merriam-Webster). Self-awareness is key when it comes to understanding ones’ self in relationship to ones actions and reality. Perspective, which is a personal point of view that comes from the self, is what shapes the reality that one interacts with. So it is the self, and one’s relationship with the self that truly determines and ones’ actions and view of the world. Don Quixote is an excellent example of how one’s perspective and self-awareness are important. In this story a man sets out on his own adventure to right the wrongs of the world. However, in spite of noble intentions, this â€Å"hero† ends up causing much more harm then needed because he is not self-aware and has a different perspective than everyone else. In the play Othello many characters have the same issue with perspective and self-awareness. 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Fin515 Wk 4 Free Essays

7-2 – Boehm Incorporated is expected to pay a $1. 50 per share dividend at the end of this year (i. e. We will write a custom essay sample on Fin515 Wk 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now , D1 = $1. 50). The dividend is expected to grow at a constant rate of 7% a year. The required  rate of return  on the stock, rs, is 15%. What is the value per share of Boehm’s stock? D1= $1. 50 per share g = 7% rs= 15% What is the value of a share of Boehm Stock? P^0 =    D1 /(rs – g) P^0 =    1. 50/(0. 15-0. 07) P^0 =    $18. 75 7-4 – Nick’s Enchiladas Incorporated has preferred stock outstanding that pays a dividend of $5 at the end of each year. The preferred sells for $50 a share. What is the stock’s required rate of return? Dividend = $5 Preferred    = $50 What is the stock’s required rate of return ^P 0 = D/rs rs = D/^P 0 rs = 5/50 rs = 0. 10 or 10% 7-5 – A company currently pays a dividend of $2 per share (D0 = $2). It is estimated that the company’s dividend will grow at a rate of 20% per year for the next 2 years, then at a constant rate of 7% thereafter. The company’s stock has a beta of 1. 2, the risk- free rate is 7. 5%, and the market risk premium is 4%. What is your estimate of the stock’s current price? D0 = $2. 00 g = 20% for 2 years g = 7% there after Bi = 1. 2 Rf = 7. 5% RPm = 4% Rs = Rf +(bi* RPm) Rs = 7. 5 +(1. 2*4) Rs = 12. 3 What is your estimate of the stock’s current price? D0 $2. 00 g0 to 1 20. 0% g1 to 2 20. 0% gn 7. 0% rs 12. 3% Year 1 2 D1 D2 Expected dividends $2. 40 $2. 88 Expected P2 $58. 14 PV of expected dividends $4. 42 PV of expected P2 $46. 10 Expected P0 $50. 53 Problems (p. 371) 9-2 After-Tax Cost of Debt LL Incorporated’s currently outstanding 11% coupon bonds have a yield to maturity of 8%. LL believes it could issue new bonds at par that would provide a similar yield to maturity. If its marginal tax rate is 35%, what is LL’s after-tax cost of debt? After Tax cost of debt = rd * (1- tx rate) 0. 08 * (1 – 0. 35) = 0. 08 * (0. 65) = 0. 052 Answer: 5. 2% 9-4 Cost of Preferred Stock with Flottion Costs Burnwood Tech plans to issue some $60 par preferred stock with a 6% dividend. A similar stock is selling on the market for $70. Burnwood must pay flotation costs of 5% of the issue price. What is the cost of the preferred stock? E= Dividend/ (Market price-Flotation Costs)=(60/6)/(70-(70X0. 05)=0. 0541=5. 41 Answer: 5. 41% 9-5 Cost of Equity – DCF Summerdahl Resorts’ common stock is currently trading at $36 a share. The stock is expected to pay a dividend of $3. 0 a share at the end of the year (D1 _ $3. 00), and the dividend is expected to grow at a constant rate of 5% a year. What is the   cost of common equity? P0 = $36; D1 = $3. 00; g = 5%; rs = ? rs = D1/P0+g=(3/36)+0. 05=0. 01333 Answer: 13. 33% 9-6 Cost of Equity – CAPM Booher Book Stores has a beta of 0. 8. The yield on a 3-month T-bill is 4% and t he yield on a 10-year T-bond is 6%. The market risk premium is 5. 5%, and the return on an average stock in the market last year was 15%. What is the estimated cost of common equity using the CAPM? rs = rRF + bi(RPM) = 0. 06 + 0. 8(0. 55) = 0. 14 Answer: 10. 4% 9-7 WACC Shi Importers’ balance sheet shows $300 million in debt, $50 million in preferred stock, and $250 million in total common equity. Shi faces a 40% tax rate and the following data: rd _ 6%, rps _ 5. 8%, and rs _ 12%. If Shi has a target capital structure of 30% debt, 5% preferred stock, and 65% common stock, what is Shi’s WACC? 30% Debt; 5% Preferred Stock; 65% Equity; rd = 6%; T = 40%; rps = 5. 8%; rs = 12%. WACC = (wd)(rd)(1 – T) + (wps)(rps) + (wce)(rs) WACC = 0. 30(0. 06)(1-0. 40) + 0. 05(0. 058) + 0. 65(0. 12) = 0. 0917 Answer: 9. 17% How to cite Fin515 Wk 4, Essay examples

Imagery In Barn Burning Essay Example For Students

Imagery In Barn Burning Essay Barn BurningAs Barn Burning opens, an adolescent boy named Sartoris Snopes is in court, hoping he will not have to testify in the arson case against his father a charge of which Sarty knows Mr. Snopes is absolutely guilty. The judge, whom Sarty perceives as kindly, is nonetheless Sartys enemy because he is his fathers enemy, and Sarty has not yet separated himself from his father. Sartys family are itinerant farmers, but they move around even more often than is typical because of his fathers habit of burning something down every time he gets angry. Sarty realizes that there is something deeply psychologically wrong with his father, but he underestimates his fathers danger. When they arrive at the beautiful plantation of Major de Spain, therefore, Sarty feels the de Spains are safe: People whose lives are a part of this peace and dignity are behind his touch, he no more to them than a buzzing wasp: capable of stinging for a little moment but thats all; the spell of this peace and dignity rendering even the barns and stable and cribs which belong to it impervious to the puny flames he might contrive. Sarty does not know that his father can just as easily bring down a big plantation as a cow barn. It would be easy to say that Sartoris, in the end, must make a choice between right and wrong, between the peace and dignity represented by the de Spains with the squalor and misery of the Snopes family, but it is more than that. At the storys beginning, when Sarty was ready to testify that his father did not burn down that barn, he would have done it because a sons job is to stick to his father. At the storys end, he warns Major de Spain that his father is about to burn down his beautiful plantation, even though he knows that this will bring his family down once and for all, even though he knows that this means he will never be able to go home again. This is heavy knowledge for a boy but Sarty is able to do it because he now sees that he is not his father, and the route he wants to travel in the world is nothing like his fathers path.

Riots Racism And Hysteria Essays - Lynching In The United States

Riots Racism And Hysteria The difference between race riots from 1917 to 1919 As a passageway in to the decade that would be known as the The Roaring Twenties , the years between 1917 and 1922 was one an minor doorways in time, known not so much for what occurred as what would come. Stuck between one decade battered by war, deprivation and another decade consumed with material and illusions of greatness, the United States was a country in the midst of monumental change. Amid the societal and economic chances, the arts and sciences flourished, ushering in jazz and giving way to some century's most influential works of literature. However, a review of newspaper headlines at the time reveals a country that had grown disgusted with the victory and bitter with peace. Inflation was raging, the national debt had grown and maimed veterans, and impoverished war widows were everywhere. The people's sacrifices during the war seemed to generates none of the benefits that the wartime politician has had promised. But unrivaled economically, America would enter the third decade of the 20th century, vowing to remain uninvolved in foreign entanglements, turning inward, conservative and hostile to unions, Socialist and every children. However, it was the white man burden the African-American that faced persecution for jobs, equalization, decent living quarters and and the pursuit of happiness . However, it was the summer riots for these unalienable rights that uprooted the United States. What makes a riot in a city unique? Could it jobs, the area of the country or just fear? That is the purpose of this paper. Urban race riots were not new to the United States. Melinda Meek Hennessey cites thirty-three major riots, episodes in which more than a single life was lost, as occurred during Reconstruction. In addition, while whites initiated many of these riots, African-Americans remained inactive to violence. Hennnessy writes, blacks fought back at least initially, and usually until they were overwhelmed by superior white numbers and firepower. The beginning of the 20th century, there were riots in New York, and again African- American did not response violently. However, for the first time, African-American organized a large, eloquent protest from the black community. This organization, published a book, Story of the Riot which a true view how African- American were treated. The group has a hearing but lawyers could not ask questions of the witness perhaps the first use of institutional racism. The New York Times Index for the period between 1917 and 1921 shows 17 different events that might be classified race riots. There were riots in 1917 in Chester and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and in Houston, Texas. However, a great riot of historical importance occurred in East St. Louis. Between 1910 and 1917, the african american population of East St. Louis increased from 6,000 to 13,000. African american began seeking jobs meeting white resistance. Friction from owners who had slaves -master mentality, and pay their wages lower to blacks because management feel that blacks would be more loyal. Friction from whites who had moved from the south. Friction from whites who were not hired. The results turned against black workers and not against the company. The leading example of this is the Aluminum Ore Company who bought in blacks from the south as strikebreakers. This would lead to one of the reasons for the riot. One reason for the riot was the growth of blacks in the city. The white population considered blacks to be a southern problem . St. Louis was not exception. It had been assume perhaps that, adapt to a subordinate and segregated position, interacting with whites only on the basic of an accommodative system defined and operated by whites. Blacks, therefore, were expected to confirm to the system of segregation inside and outside the factories where there separate facilitates for blacks and whites . This did not happen in St Louis, perhaps for the first time management seemed either to employ blacks in preference to whites or to provide an atmosphere of fair opportunity. That the purpose of the move by management was to maximize profits ,was hardly recognized by white workers: thus, they thought that to remove blacks from the labor market as viable competitors would solve

The Broadcast of Debates essays

The Broadcast of Debates essays Journalism 200: Introduction to Mass Media The Impact of Broadcast Presidential Debates: The televised presidential debates of our time have changed the way we look at the up-and-coming leader of the free world. It has given the American people a way of looking right into the heart of each candidate on his way to the White House. It allows us to see them in an unscripted way, answering real questions and giving real answers. We see them up close, noticing every movement, every action, and every reaction of that person behind the podium. We see the mistakes, the errors, and the failures to respond. But we also see the confidence, the leadership, and perhaps more of the truth. Televised presidential debates continue to be the best source of information about the coming election, and have been what voters count on to decide who they vote for in November. Before the broadcast era, there was little demand or interest in presidential debates. It took the invention of both television and radio to take politics to a step above its original standing with American voters. On September 26, 1960 in Chicago, the first of four nationally-televised Presidential debates took place, between Republican Vice President Richard Nixon and Democratic Senator John Kennedy. It was going to be the first time ever; 77 million Americans got both candidates, face to face, challenged with public eye watching to see the emotion in the face of the future President. The participation of Richard Nixon in the four debates in 1960, qualify as one the greatest political miscalculations in campaign history. The memorable first debate presented Nixon in a very bad light. Nixon did not wear make-up, was recovering from the flu, was suffering from a knee injury, and started to perspire on camera. Kennedy had been prepped on how to sit, look at Nixon when not speaking, and wore make-up on his already tan skin. The debate made Nixon look weak,...

Management in Non-Government Organisations Essay

Management in Non-Government Organisations - Essay Example Salamon (1994) has mentioned about the global association revolution with respect to the third world organization, for its outstanding credibility in the arena of the social, civil, cultural, economic and political aspects. The volunteering activity lends high profile image to these third sector organization. Non-Government Organizations, also known as NGOs, forms the most important subgroup of the third sector organization. The origination of the NGOs typically took place in the United Nations after the Second World War as the provision for those international citizen organizations, independent of the UN government members, to actively participate in the affairs of the country. The NGOs cover a wide range of issues such as health, education, welfare and other related social and environmental cause. Red Cross for instance represents one of the most important by products of NGO. On account of high degree of diversity there exists a lot of complexity in providing the specific definition to the term NGO. In simple words, NGOs may be stated as the subgroup of the third world organizations whose sole purpose is to eradicate the poverty and promote development in the regional, national and global level (Lewis, â€Å"The management of non-governmental development organizations†). In this context many scholars have attempted to differentiate between the private, public and non-profit organization. There are mainly three criteria advanced by Seibel and Anheier (1990) to demonstrate the differences between the third world sector and other sectors. Firstly, a number of political scientists have emphasized upon the third world sector as the mediator between the market and economy, on the basis of the institutional characteristics of the organizations. Secondly on the basis of the course of action followed in the three sectors, whereby the non-profit organizations in contrast to the other profit seeking

The Religious and Social Perspective on Living Aspects of Humankind Research Paper

The Religious and Social Perspective on Living Aspects of Humankind - Research Paper Example Lewis uses politics in the first letter to replace reason, and show the prevalence of propaganda in the current society (Lewis 8). The year 1941 has been used as a case that depicts actual propaganda, affecting religion and world politics. Screwtape’s letter stands as one of the most non-religious societies where the evils of both worlds and entities are considered outdated and logical minds do not consider them in their lifestyles. Referring to the Bible, Lewis claims that we used to encounter evils and temptations from Satan and his followers as a daily strive. The patient in the first and second Screwtape’s letters has been converted from a Christian to believing the assumptions and thoughts presented in the letters. Lewis mentions to Wormwood that they must keep on working on his mind. Propaganda is further instilled in the fifth and seventh letters with reference made to war and the condition of the human mind. The patient’s engagement is used to corrupt his thinking and adopt their culture. Implying that the World wars are still occurring, Lewis makes note of the spiritual and physical aspects of the human body. The spiritual conflict had been in our lifestyles, starting from when Christians were converted. Lewis uses full propaganda words to replace reason and explain the tribulations of the last days. The tribulations have been manipulated to overshadow the logic of Christianity and the sanity of today’s world politics (Lewis 11). According to Lewis, humankind undergoes continuous suffering phases in our lives for no apparent reason (Lewis 17).

Choose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Choose - Essay Example Rawls and Nozick have different conceptions of justice and liberty because of their divergences on deserts, government’s role in ensuring justice, and whether justice or liberty is more important than the other. The paper asserts that Rawls has a more superior theory of justice than Nozick because he relates his theory of justice to liberty and rights and justifies the importance of justice to liberty, while Nozick’s framework of justice may improve liberty’s basis for individual rights, but his theory can lead to gross inequalities that can be justified as moral. Rawls says that we do not deserve the talents and natural gifts we are born with and the products we get from them because we are all born with some form of social advantage/disadvantage in one way or another, but such social inequality can be fixed to promote justice. He asserts that people start from biased positions in life that impact their social status, which, in turn, shapes his conception of jus tice. Rawls says that a man is not born equal with another because â€Å"[h]is character depends in large part upon fortunate family and social circumstances for which he can claim no credit† (Rawls 219). People are not born equal if they are born with varying levels of social advantage or disadvantage. ... He argues that people with more social and wealth endowments should sacrifice for the poor to reduce injustice in the world. Rawls underlines the role of the government and institutions in addressing inequality: â€Å"What is just and unjust is the way that institutions deal with these facts [of injustice through inequality]† (Rawls 218). In particular, Rawls stresses that what is just is to redistribute wealth to benefit the most worst off: â€Å"Those who have been favored by nature†¦may gain from their good fortune only on terms that improve the situation of those who have lost out† (Rawls 218). In other words, Rawls is saying that people do not deserve what they get from their talents and natural gifts, if others in society are worse off than they are, and to correct this, the government must step in to redistribute wealth that can lead to greater equality. To do this is to just, according to Rawls. Nozick disagrees with Rawls and argues for private property ri ghts where we deserve our talents and natural gifts and the products we get from them. Nozick asserts that a particular distribution of goods is just depending on how it came about (110), where people are seen as ends, not means to an end, whatever that end may be. He states: â€Å"An end-state view†¦would express the view that people are ends and not merely means† (104). The paper interprets that, if people are ends, then the state should not see them as means of improving justice. In addition, Nozick offers three kinds of justice to argue that people deserve the talents and natural gifts they have and the products from them. He asserts the first form of justice, where a person who acquires property â€Å"in accordance with the

Importance of Value Management

Importance of Value Management The report aims at making the clients aware of the importance of a Value Management (VM) study in their project. It describes the process of the study step by step, the benefits of conducting the study at an early stage and relating the study to specific project issues. It gives a brief understanding of how the VM study works at different stages and a typical agenda provides a brief review of the same. Tools and techniques used in the study are also explained. Finally a short introduction to Value Engineering and the importance of its study at the appropriate time in the Project life cycle will be discussed. 1. Introduction The (Public Private Partnership) project is to be assessed through the value management study. As the project brief indicates a mixed use recreation and commercial centre, a gym, swimming pool, park, health spa, squash court, jogging and cycling tracks with features as leisure facilities and for commercial centre would include retail outlets, health clinics, cafes, offices to let, pharmacies and theatres. Benefits of such a PPP project are it reduces costs, transfer risks to the private partner, shortens the construction period, and has access to skills, experience and technology of the private sector. This project is to cater for the expatriate and local communities living in the suburbs who do not have assess to any leisure facilities. With this project people, especially children will be able to spend time outdoors and use other facilities rather than stay indoors watching television. It also allows people to use various health facilities and do their shopping in their locality i tself. Value management is a study that helps maximize the functional value of the project under study by managing its development right from the concept to its completion by accessing its value system. In a PPP project as there are two parties the government and the private sector there are varying value systems. The public sectors aim is to regulate, deliver services to people and achieve value for money; while the private sectors goal is profit. 2. Value Management Study Value Management (VM) studies are typically initiated for a number of reasons such as cost overrun of the project, communication problems, clients not satisfied with their approach to project management and finally clients who understand and believe that a VM study helps improving the value of the project. The benefits of VM exercise are the maximum when implemented at the start of the project, particularly if its applied during conceptual development and initial design stages. Some of the benefits may be improving project schedule, improving technical specifications, generating alternative ideas; identifying unnecessary expenditure; optimizing resources; eliminating redundant features and appreciation of whole of life cycle costs. The VM study can address specific issues of this PPP project such as a better Value for Money, obtaining provisions for better quality services, quicker delivery of the project and finally better utilization of the assets being put inot the project. 2.1 Orientation Phase The VM study can broadly be divided into three stages namely orientation phase, workshop phase and the implementation phase. During the orientation phase tasks such as coordination of works, gathering of data such as plan layouts, site conditions, project constraints, operational requirements. Also tasks such as scheduling VM study location, preparing the agenda and selecting the study team are done. If large team is selected, subdivide the members to form teams so that specific matters covered in detail. Selection of the team is done by the ACID test. Authorize include those who have authority to take decisions during the workshop. Consult include those without whose consultation the workshop may be suspended. Inform exclude those who have to be merely informed about the outcome of the workshop. Do include those who have to translate the outcome of the workshop into action. The study team comprises of the following: 1 certified value specialist 1 consultant project manager 1 contractors representative 1 quantity surveyor 1 architect with mixed use recreation centre experience 1 structural engineer 1 building service engineer 1 school teacher 1 health counselor It is advised to use a combination of members from the design team and outside in order to assure free thinking and unbiased recommendations. The value specialist will preside over the entire workshop to see that the study is carried out smoothly and as per the agenda. The consultant project manager and the contractors representative represent the client and the contractor, informs each of their value systems to the remaining members of the study team. The quantity surveyor advises about the quantities of items that would be required, while the architect would provide his opinion on what would be the perfect design for the project. The structural engineer looks into the requirement of the elemental units of the structure such as columns and beams so that the structure is stable whereas the building service engineer analyses the services that will be installed once the structure is ready. Besides professional a school teacher and health counselor are appointed into the team so that th ey can provide their perspective representing the local community. AGENDA TIME ACTIVITY Day 1 Pre workshop 16.00 Introduction Purpose of the VM workshop and its benefits 17.00 Gathering information such as project constraints, functional requirements, plan layouts and site conditions 19.00 Familiarizing the team with the agenda (job plan) 20.00 Dinner and getting to know members of the study team Day 2 Workshop phase 09.00 Introduction phase Quick review of collected information 09.30 Issues Analysis 10.45 Snacks break 11.00 Clients value system Identifying main values of the client 12.00 Preparing a strategic timeline for the project Stakeholder mapping 12.30 Familiarizing the study team with Function Analysis and FAST 13.00 Lunch break 14.00 Function Analysis 14.30 Sorting of functions needs and wants 15.00 FAST diagramming 17.00 Tea break 17.30 Review the FAST diagram 18..00 End of DAY 2 Day 3 Workshop phase 09.00 Creativity phase Brainstorming 11.00 Snacks break 11.20 Listing of ideas generated 12.00 Evaluation phase Crude filtering by weighted voting to reduce number of ideas Refined filtering green dots to select 8 ideas red dots to select 4 ideas. 13.30 Lunch break 14.30 Development phase Development of ideas selected in evaluation phase 15.30 Detailed analysis of TCQ time, cost, quality Life cycle costing 16.30 Tea break 16.50 Implementation of ideas and follow up plan 18.00 End of DAY 3 Day 4 Workshop phase 09.00 Reviewing the development of ideas 09.30 Action plan 10.00 Presenting importance of Value Engineering and its benefits 11.00 Presentation Recommendations to Management 11.30 Snacks and Goodbye 2.2 Workshop Phase The workshop commences by analyzing project understanding how client plans to own, generate and maintain the project and followed by issues analysis. Client Value system is then identified by considering values which are important to the client and performing paired comparison between the values as shown below. This helps identify which are the key values of the client. Stakeholder mapping (power to influence vs. interest) and Strategic Timeline are other tasks to be carried out. One of the main steps of the VM process is function analysis. Through function analysis project components are analyzed and compared to be able to achieve project objectives. The primary function and secondary functions are also identified. The primary function is essential for the achievement of stated objectives, whereas the secondary functions aid in providing the projects wants. Using FAST diagramming the functions of the system are identified. First functions are generated through brainstorming and then sorted such that the needs are at the topmost left and wants bottommost right. The functions are placed in such a way that we move to a lower level asking how? and move to a higher level asking why? Function analysis helps generate ideas that eventually result in recommendations.   The second phase of the workshop is Creativity phase. It is done by considering a function and contributing suggestions that answer the function through a list of creative ideas as well as identifying risks involved with them.  The team generates as many ideas as possible to provide the functions at a lower cost.  Judgment of the ideas is not permitted.  Most of the ideas are a result of the exercise done in the function analysis phase.  Ã‚  The next phase (evaluation) of the workshop involves screening ideas to more manageable numbers. The ideas and risks evaluated are graded on the basis of potential savings, time required to redesign and client acceptability. They are then ranked and the highest are selected by the team to be further reviewed by the members of the design team. During the development phase the ideas are converted into workable solutions after examining their technical feasibility and economic viability.  The risks that are assessed and weighted are also considered. They are entered into a risk register. The recommendations are prepared with a short brief to compare the original design with the suggested changes. At the end of the workshop a presentation is held to give recommendations and suggestions to the management. 2.3 Implementation Phase The implementation phase of the VM study includes submitting to the clients and the design team, the VM report containing recommendations developed during the workshop.  Ã‚  The design team may incorporate the recommendations suggested into their project design or reject them.  Along with the VM report a summary of the cost savings and redesign costs are also included.  The report may include KPI Key performance indicators, schedule of activities and a Risk register. 3. Value Engineering Value Engineering (VE) is the process of identifying and eliminating unnecessary cost during design and construction. VE studies should ideally be conducted at 35% design schematic design stage. While the early stages of design provide the most opportunities for affecting the value elements, it is advisable to consider VE at all stages of the project. Project constraints should be outlined prior to the VE, as it will help avoid making recommendations that are contrary to the clients design. The elements that are typically of interest during the VE study are (1) the basic structural elements positioning of columns and beams, optimizing loading effect on the foundation. (2) The architectural design, (3) Positioning of electrical and mechanical components such as lifts, escalators, HVAC systems,(4) the use of technology etc. The study team for the VE workshop may comprise of: 1 certified value specialist 1 project engineer 1 structural engineer 1 building service engineer 1 electrical engineer 1 mechanical engineer 1 quantity surveyor VE facilitator with a specific expertise in aspects of VE will lead the workshop in order to structure the process and to better the effectiveness of the program. The team members are selected depending on the subject to be evaluated, the structural engineer would look into the requirement of the elemental units of the structure such as columns and beams so that the structure is stable whereas the building service engineer analyses the services that will be installed once the structure is ready. The electrical and mechanical engineers analyze the installations of electrical equipment and machinery such as lifts, HVAC etc. The Project Engineer shall take part whenever design aspects of the project are reviewed. Supporting disciplines like quantity surveyor is involved to assess the quantities. The VE workshop provides improvement of value through the following: The current project design is assessed with the functions, checked for technical, cost optimization. Alternative ideas are evaluated to identify benefits and risks of changes to the alternative design. Key aspects of the design are evaluated so as to achieve Value for money; Effectiveness of each option is evaluated, in terms of : Cost to function ratio; Life cycle costing; OPEX vs. CAPEX balance; Analyzing buildability and overall performance of the project.

Marketing Management Essay -- Technology, The Internet

Introduction Internet technology growth has a huge potential such as it reduce the costs of goods, services delivery and expand environmental boundaries in bringing buyers and sellers together. Internet permits small businesses to gain and maintain an access market that helps them to compete with huge industry. The information and communication technology revolutions, globalization have taken a movement in the economy of world from production based to economy of knowledge based. Internet has also changed the method of business is being conducted the way that it will take important achieve to consumers and transactions. In the present age, Internet is playing an increasingly significant role in consumer daily live. Consumers use the Internet various reasons ranging from only collecting information to purchasing product online. Internet shopping has been becoming a significant current approach for marketing, and along with the increase to a higher level of customer consciousness, my study intends to propose a theoretical framework for customer satisfaction in internet shopping. The Internet invention can create and/or improve competitive advantage based on two perspectives. At the first, businesses can incorporate and establish an accurate market segmentation mechanism (Ryan, 2004), seeing that market segmentation information can help marketing managers learn more about their target market, take enhanced stock of market through the process of product growth (Kotler and Keller, 2006) and enhance the opportunity of delivering and creating personalized goods and services throughout a better understanding of the feelings and motives of the targeted customer segment. Second, studies have often applied various hypothetical bas... ...ular website, they are still to be expected to find substitute sites and switch to them. Compare information and find other websites that provide similar products or services which is easy for consumers. In online shops, the relationship between loyalty and consumer satisfaction is weaker than offline shops (Anderson and Srinivasan, 2003; Terblanche and Boshoff, 2010). Objective of customer buying studies highlighted the role of such as factors that are service quality, equity and value, customer satisfaction, passed loyalty, expected switching cost and brand favourite (Hellier, 2003). Attitude towards online shopping and intention to shop online are not only related to ease of use and fun but also to numerous exogenous factors such as consumer traits, situational aspects, product characteristics, preceding online shopping experience and confidence (Monsuwe 2004).

Positive nonverbal messages Essay

From the manner we dress to the manner we move. our gestural signals can uncover a great trade about our emotions. perceptual experiences and purposes. When a individual is speaking or listening. he sends uninterrupted messages consciously or unconsciously through his organic structure motions. such as the manner he holds his caput. the angle at which he hold his organic structure. his motions of limbs and his altering facial looks. This sort of communicating in which no verbal linguistic communication is used comes under the class of non verbal communicating. Harmonizing to Knapp & A ; Hall ( 2002 ) non verbal communicating refers to communicating that is produced by some agencies other than words. e. g. . oculus contact. organic structure linguistic communication or vocal cues. The significance of gestural communicating. in set uping interpersonal relationships. is far greater than any one can believe of. Harmonizing to experts. a significant part of our communicating is gestural. On the footing of its consequence gestural communicating can be classified under following three classs. 1. POSITIVE NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION – Positive gestural messages puts the other individual at easiness. When a individual expresses an unfastened and positive attitude towards the individual with whom he is interacting. it creates a supportive and collaborative ambiance. Use of positive non-verbal communicating helps a individual to go more effectual and successful. It significantly affects the degree of interpersonal relationship. It besides determines the overall feeling people form about a individual. There are several types of positive non verbal indexs. For illustration turning face to the transmitter. tilting somewhat frontward towards him bespeak that he is interested. . Noding to show apprehension. smiling or touching the individual gently are other types of positive non verbal cues. The oculus contact is most effectual non verbal cue to accomplish the end of deriving someone’s trust. The manner one uses his organic structure and limbs. his eyes and face. will hold a major influence on how his non verbal messages are perceived. 2. NEGATIVE NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION – Sometimes not verbal organic structure motions. gestures and facial looks generate disinterest & A ; misgiving. It creates a province of confusion on the portion of the receiving system. The type of communicating which comes under the above class is known as negative gestural communicating. Negative gestural messages shackles collaborative and supportive environment. To guarantee effectual communicating one must avoid giving such type of cues. Gazing or staring at other can make force per unit area and tenseness between the receiving system and the transmitter. Negative facial look. devious eyes. excessively much eye blink suggest misrepresentation Eyebrow musculus draws the superciliums down and toward the centre of the face if person is annoyed. Talking to person without keeping the oculus contact is deflecting and frequently interpreted as insulting. If a individual keeps speaking on phone or keeps working on the computing machine during the conversation. it shows that he is non interested. 3. NEUTRAL NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION –This is the type of gestural communicating which have neither positive or negative consequence on the receiving system. The type of organic structure motions. positions and tone which have impersonal consequence on the receiving systems feelings and emotions comes under this class. It is really hard to label any non verbal cue as impersonal. Peoples attach intending even to a impersonal message. During listening one seldom can remain soundless for long. silence in some cases may be treated as impersonal non verbal communicating. If it lasts more than for 5-6 seconds so it turns into a negative cue. Sounds like ‘Mmm’ . ‘Ah’ and ‘Hmmm’ when used in a impersonal manner invite scholar to go on speaking. CONCLUSION – Sending clear gestural messages and understanding right the message send by person. mostly depends upon the manner how you are comprehending the entire state of affairs. and the individual with whom you are pass oning. Your head set and the environment in which the communicating is taking topographic point besides find how you interpret and react to the non verbal messages. Interpretation of the messages depends upon past experiences. feelings. attitude and socio cultural background of the receiving system. Communication can be misperceived if the beginning and the receiving system does non portion common experiences and common frame of mention. REFERENCES Knapp. M. L & A ; Hall. J. A ( 2002 ) Non Verbal Communication in Human Interaction. Crawfordsville. Inch: Thompson Learning Smith. T. E. & A ; Gartin B. C. Murdick. N. L. & A ; Hilton. A ( 2006 ) : Positive Indicator Of Non Verbal Communication Pearson Allyn Bacon Prentice Hall retrieved on 13th May. 2010 Windle. R & A ; Warren. S Communication Skills retrieved on 13th May 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. directionservice. org/cadre/section4. cfm

Cars Produced at Eros Motors

At Eros Motors, we provide safe, stylish, green and a cutting edge form of individual mobility to our customers. We have been successful in offering what customers feel is important to them. Our cars also come with all the options, which are asked by our customers. We planned our strategy taking into consideration all the aspects of marketing, H. R, finance and operations. Marketing plays a very crucial role in this modern world so we promoted our products through various forms of media. We spent heavily at the start just because we wanted to make our presence felt in the market.We always believed that our team is of utmost importance to us, so we made sure that there is a balance between automation and workforce to maximize production. We also paid them well so that they remain motivated at all times and work towards the goal of the company. Training of employees is a must and this is necessary for the quality of the cars. We noticed that our Warranty claims were high, so by proper training this could have only been reduced. Research and Development is an important area and a good amount of money was spent over the years so that we develop better and environment friendly cars in the times to come.We made sure that the money is not spent on general R&D rather we identified some key areas and invested in those constantly. Finance was an area of concern as we were incurring huge losses; we took necessary steps to improve this. We priced our products aggressively and planned production efficiently. As a result this gave us better sales. We also tried to cut down on costs, which gave us a better gross margin over the years. We started to make profits in the later years and this shows that our products have been well accepted by the market.We offered Alpha (medium) and Beta (large) cars in the beginning then we came up with Delta (city – hybrid) and lastly with Zeta (diesel – luxury). The luxury market was untapped and we thought we could do well by se lling a small number of cars because the margins in a luxury car are huge. The offering was based on the market research and the demand in the market. The design of the cars kept on changing as requested by the customers. This showed that we were catering to all segments of the market in terms of offering and pricing.Our aim is to be a leading car manufacturer by creating stylish, reliable, eco friendly cars by following the principles of enhancing our team, extending our business and enlarging our market. To sustain in this competitive market we have to take into account what the competitor is doing and react accordingly by delivering a better product. The need of the hour is to connect with the customers. The world is moving towards alternative fuels and we will also try to come up with products that are environmental friendly keeping in mind the needs of the customer yet giving stylish, value for money and fuel efficient cars.

brain observation essays

brain observation essays h more to the brain than an average person realizes.The brain consists of many different areas,each with its own specific functions.The technology of today has allowed us to become more familiar with the human brain.Several tests have been developed over time,such as the M.R.I(Magnetic Resonance Imaging),P.E.T(Positron Emission Tomography),and C.A.T(Computed Axial Tomography) scan tests in hopes of understanding and solving many issues with the human brain.The human brain consists of three major parts the cerebrum,cerebellum and the brain stem. Damage to any part of the brain could lead to very serious or fatal results.Detection of the brain activity is very important,especially to doctors that specialize with the brain and or performing surgury.I have personally witnessed a brain operation,but not inside a hospital or operation theater but in the comfort of my living room televised on the discovery health chanel. The operation performed was an attempt to remove a brain tumor.According to the medical journal more than 100,000 thousand americans are diagnosed with a brain tumor every year,and the numbers are steadily increasing.Unfortunetely a family member of my own is also a part of that statistic. About a year ago a close relative of mine was diagnosed with a brain tumor.The first signs of his brain tumor were severe headaches and vomiting.As time passed on he would have siezures and speech problems.Besides M.r.i scans,c.a.t scans etc. a biopsy operation was performed on my uncle to determine and indentify what type of specific tumor it is.After the the operation his tumor wasnt considered malignant(cancerous),but continuous treatment was still required.To this day my uncles still recieves various treatment from surgury to medications. To conclude,different areas make up the human brain.Each area has its own particular job ...

PMI analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

PMI analysis - Essay Example The third positive thing about the presentation is the fact that powerful people seem not to be more assertive, but they are more confident and more optimistic. Negative things about the presentation may include the fact that when we feel powerless, we close ourselves up, wrap up and make ourselves look small or devalue ourselves. This is not proper as it makes us become even more powerless. Instead, we need to strive to gain power. Secondly, sometime after an interview that has made someone manifest himself as a powerful person; we find that the employers say that they do not want to hire such people due to how they presented themselves. It is also negative that a bad car accident can make us our IQ drop and this may affect our capability and ability to reason well. It is interesting from the presentation that we are influenced by our non verbal, our thoughts and our feelings and physiology. The speaker also brings it very interestingly that sometimes our non verbal requires us to fake it until we make it. It is also interesting that, when someone is touching his neck during a presentation, they are only trying to protect themselves and trying to overcome fear. In a nutshell, the presentation shows clearly ways through which someone needs to use body language to help them conquer situations. There is power in the non verbal presentation that make people become either powerful or less

20th Century Philosophy Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

20th Century Philosophy Paper - Essay Example This work was extended by Russel who derived the whole of mathematics from logic. The projects of both Frege, and Russel failed but gave rise to what is known as analytic philosophy today. There is no clear definition of analytic philosophy. This philosophy â€Å"emphasizes clarity, rigor, argument, theory, truth. [†¦] This kind of philosophy is more like science than religion, more like mathematics than poetry – though it is neither science nor mathematics† (Collin, 2002). The history of analytic philosophy can be divided into five phases. The first phase from 1900 to 1910 is characterized by the quasi-platonic form of realism, which was articulated in the idiom of ‘propositions’ and ‘meanings’. Later, Moore proposed the philosophy of common sense, while Russel developed logical atomism with Ludwig Wittgenstein. This second phase continued till 1930. 1930s saw the development of logical positivism by A.J. Ayer. The fourth phase form 1945-1965 saw inclination towards ordinary-language analysis developed by John Wisdom, Gilbert Ryle, and Paul Grice. Criticism in 1960s led the analytic philosophy to dump its linguistic form. This continued till the end of the 20th century and illustrates pluralism. Simply defined, modernism is the social thought process, logical behavior, and character in the present time. This movement stretched from 1890 to 1920 and witnessed the genius of Joyce, Eliot, Lewis, and Pound among others. This movement had a far-reaching influence on the American and British society in terms of art, architecture, literature, religion, politics, and social behavior. Some of the salient features of modernism include: Experimentation; self-consciousness; individualism; elite intellectualism; and anti-realism. The modernism movement was influenced by many sources. It took allusiveness in style from symbolism; an urban setting from realism; artist-focused view, and

The Catholic Faith With Contrasting Facts on Islam Religion Essay

The Catholic Faith With Contrasting Facts on Islam Religion - Essay Example With the death of Christ, the apostle Peter was designated as the first Pope, or temporal head of the Catholic Church. Since then, the mission of this faith is to spread the faith across the world. According to Pope Benedict XVI, the mission of the Catholic Church can be summarized â€Å"as a threefold responsibility to proclaim the word of God, celebrate the sacraments, and exercise the ministry of charity† (Benedict XVI 2005). Known to be one of the oldest institutions in the world, the Catholic Church is rich with traditions and beliefs seen through the eyes of devotees. This essay provides the opportunity for a Catholic devotee to be interviewed. In the process, one would appreciate the insights, beliefs, underlying teachings of the Catholic Church as seen from of an ordinary woman. The interview was conducted in the Infant of Prague Catholic Church at Jacksonville, North Carolina. The person being interviewed is Christina Cordero, a Roman Catholic by virtue of her birth and baptism. She was raised in another country, the Philippines, which is a predominantly Catholic country. The Infant of Prague Catholic Church is medium built. It has three balconies, vaulted ceilings, a separate room for families with small children who might act up during service, an elaborate altar flanked by praying candles, and beautiful stained glass windows with depictions of St. Michael, St. Peter and others saints. Apart from the solemn faà §ade, there is just one thing that needs some maintenance and repairs – the pews.

Differential Equation Essay Example for Free

Differential Equation Essay Assume that the resulting system is linear and time-invariant. x[n] O + r0n] D y[n] +1 3 -2 Figure P6. 5 (a) Find the direct form I realization of the difference equation. (b) Find the difference equation described by the direct form I realization. (c) Consider the intermediate signal r[n] in Figure P6. 5. (i) Find the relation between r[n] and y[n]. (ii) Find the relation between r[n] and x[n]. (iii) Using your answers to parts (i) and (ii), verify that the relation between y[n] and x[n] in the direct form II realization is the same as your answer to part (b). Systems Represented by Differential and Difference Equations / Problems P6-3 P6. 6 Consider the following differential equation governing an LTI system. dx(t) dytt) dt + ay(t) = b di + cx(t) dt dt (P6. 6-1) (a) Draw the direct form I realization of eq. (P6. 6-1). (b) Draw the direct form II realization of eq. (P6. 6-1). Optional Problems P6. 7 Consider the block diagram in Figure P6. 7. The system is causal and is initially at rest. r [n] x [n] + D y [n] -4 Figure P6. 7 (a) Find the difference equation relating x[n] and y[n]. (b) For x[n] = [n], find r[n] for all n. (c) Find the system impulse response. P6. 8 Consider the system shown in Figure P6. 8. Find the differential equation relating x(t) and y(t). x(t) + r(t) + y t a Figure P6. 8 b Signals and Systems P6-4 P6. 9 Consider the following difference equation: y[n] ly[n 1] = x[n] (P6. 9-1) (P6. 9-2) with x[n] = K(cos gon)u[n] Assume that the solution y[n] consists of the sum of a particular solution y,[n] to eq. (P6. 9-1) for n 0 and a homogeneous solution yjn] satisfying the equation Yh[flI 12Yhn 1] = 0. (a) If we assume that Yh[n] = Az, what value must be chosen for zo? (b) If we assume that for n 0, y,[n] = B cos(Qon + 0), what are the values of B and 0? [Hint: It is convenient to view x[n] = Re{Kejonu[n]} and y[n] = Re{Yeonu[n]}, where Y is a complex number to be determined. P6. 10 Show that if r(t) satisfies the homogeneous differential equation m d=r(t) dt 0 and if s(t) is the response of an arbitrary LTI system H to the input r(t), then s(t) satisfies the same homogeneous differential equation. P6. 11 (a) Consider the homogeneous differential equation N dky) k~=0 dtk (P6. 11-1) k=ak Show that if so is a solution of the equation p(s) = E akss k=O N = 0, (P6. 11-2) then Aeso is a solution of eq. (P6. 11-1), where A is an arbitrary complex constant. (b) The polynomial p(s) in eq. (P6. 11-2) can be factored in terms of its roots S1, ,S,. : p(s) = aN(S SI)1P(S tiplicities. Note that S2)2 . . . (S Sr)ar, where the si are the distinct solutions of eq. (P6. 11-2) and the a are their mul ­ U+ 1 o2 + + Ur = N In general, if a, ;gt; 1, then not only is Ae a solution of eq. (P6. 11-1) but so is Atiesi as long as j is an integer greater than or equal to zero and less than or Systems Represented by Differential and Difference Equations / Problems P6-5 equal to oa 1. To illustrate this, show that if ao = 2, then Atesi is a solution of eq. (P6. 11-1). [Hint: Show that if s is an arbitrary complex number, then N ak dtk = Ap(s)te t + A estI Thus, the most general solution of eq. P6. 11-1) is p ci-1 ( i=1 j=0 Aesi , where the Ai, are arbitrary complex constants. (c) Solve the following homogeneous differential equation with the specified aux ­ iliary conditions. d 2 y(t) 2 dt2 + 2 dy(t) + y(t) = 0, dt y(0) = 1, y'() = 1 MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw. mit. edu Resource: Signals and Systems Professor Alan V. Oppenheim The following may not correspond to a parti cular course on MIT OpenCourseWare, but has been provided by the author as an individual learning resource. For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw. mit. edu/terms.

Swot Analysis And Its Importance In Developing Marketing Essay

Swot Analysis And Its Importance In Developing Marketing Essay Faced with a constantly changing environment, each business unit needs to develop a marketing information system (MkIS) that is capable of tracking trends and developments within the marketplace. Each trend or development can then be categorized as an opportunity or a threat, and an assessment made of the feasibility and action needed if the organization is either to capitalize upon the opportunity or minimize the impact of the threat. Although SWOT analysis is one of the best-known and most frequently used tools within the strategic planning process, the quality of the outputs often suffer because of the relatively superficial manner in which it is conducted. There are several ways in which SWOT analyses can be made more rigorous, and therefore more strategically useful. STRENGTHS: Areas of (distinctive) competence that: Must always be looked at relative to the competition If managed properly, is the basis for competitive advantage Derive from the marketing asset base WEAKNESSES: Areas of relative disadvantage that: Indicate priorities for marketing improvement Highlight the areas and strategies that the planner should avoid THREATS: Trends within the environment with potentially negative impacts that: Increase the risks of a strategy Hinder the implementation of strategy Increase the resources required Reduce performance expectations OPPORTUNITIES: Environmental trends with positive outcomes that offer scope for higher levels of performance if pursued effectively: Highlight new areas for competitive advantage 2) SWOT ANALYSIS IS THEREFORE DESIGNED TO ACHIEVE TWO PRINCIPAL OBJECTIVES: 1) To separate meaningful data from that which is merely interesting 2) To discover what management must do to exploit its distinctive competencies within each of the market segments both now and in the longer term. However, in examining opportunities and threats, the reader needs to recognize that they can never be viewed as absolutes. What might appear at first sight to be an opportunity may not be so when examined against the organizations resources, its culture, the expectations of its stakeholders, the strategies available, or the feasibility of implementing the strategy. At the risk of oversimplification, however, the purpose of strategy formulation is to develop a strategy which will take advantage of the opportunities and overcome or circumvent the threats. For our purposes, an opportunity can be seen as any sector of the market in which the company would enjoy a competitive advantage. These opportunities can then be assessed according to their attractiveness and the organizations probability of success in this area; The probability of success is influenced by several factors, but most obviously by the extent to which the organizations strengths, and in particular its distinctive competences, match the key success requirements for operating effectively in the target market and exceed those of its competitors. Competence by itself is rarely sufficient in anything more than the short term since, given time, competitive forces will erode this competence. 2.1) IDENTIFYING STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES Our primary concern within this stage is with the ways in which organizations can most clearly identify their current position and the nature of their marketing capability. It is against the background of the picture that emerges from this analysis that the marketing planner should then be in a far better position to begin the process of deciding upon the detail of the organizations future direction and the ways in which strategy is to be formulated. The starting point in this process of strategic and marketing analysis involves a detailed marketing audit and review of marketing effectiveness. Together, the two techniques are designed to provide the strategist with a clear understanding of: à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¡ The organizations current market position à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¡ The nature of environmental opportunities and threats à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¡ The organizations ability to cope with the demands of this environment. The results of this analysis are then incorporated in a statement of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT), and subsequently a measure of capability. Although in many markets it is often a relatively simple process to identify a whole series of environmental opportunities, few organizations have the ability or the competences needed to capitalize upon more than a small number of these. Each business needs therefore to evaluate on a regular basis its strengths and weaknesses. Each factor is rated by management or an outside consultant according to whether it is a fundamental strength, a marginal strength, a neutral factor, a marginal weakness, or a fundamental weakness. By linking these ratings, a general picture of the organizations principal strengths and weaknesses emerges. Of course, not all of these factors are of equal importance either in an absolute sense or when it comes to succeeding with a specific business opportunity. Because of this, each factor should also be given a rating (high, medium or low) either for the business as a whole or for a particular marketing opportunity. Combining performance and importance levels in this way injects a greater sense of perspective to the analysis and leads to four possibilities emerging; in the form of a performance-importance matrix. Another way of looking at issues of performance and importance involves focusing specifically upon the organizations performance relative to the competition. On the basis of this sort of analysis it should be apparent that, even when a business has a major strength in a particular area, this strength does not invariably translate into a competitive advantage. There are several possible explanations for this, the two most prominent of which are that it may not be a competence that is of any real importance to customers, or that it is an area in which competitors are at least equally strong. It follows from this that, in order to benefit from the strength, it must be relatively greater than that of the competitor. Having identified the organizations weaknesses, the strategist needs to return to consider again the relative importance of these weaknesses. There is often little to be gained from overcoming all of the organizations weaknesses, since some are unimportant and the amount of effort needed to convert them to a strength would quite simply not be repaid. Equally, some strength is of little real strategic value and to use them in anything other than a peripheral way is likely to prove of little real value. Recognizing this, the marketing planner should focus upon those areas of opportunity in which the firm currently has major strengths or where, because of the size of the opportunity and the potential returns, it is likely to prove cost-effective in acquiring or developing new areas of strength. In order to make better use of the SWOT framework, Mr. Piercy proposes five guidelines: 1) Focus the SWOT upon a particular issue or element, such as a specific product market, a customer segment, a competitor, or the individual elements of the marketing mix. 2) Use the SWOT analysis as a mechanism for developing a shared vision for planning. This can be done by pooling ideas from a number of sources and achieving a team consensus about the future and the important issues. 3) The kind of corporate-level strategy pursued by the company 4) Business level strategy of the company and its nature. 5) Company Strategy and its control and structure for achieving that strategy 2.2)  [1]  SWOT ANALYSIS AND MACRO ENVIRONMENT FOR DECISION MAKERS Many changes from the macro environment have the potential to cripple even the best of strategies and must therefore be watched. Managers should note any changes in the environmental factors as conducive to innovation. Potential changes in exchange rates, especially unanticipated large ones, central bank policies that raise interest rates, and taxation laws, along with demographic and socio political changes, all have the potential to impact firm strategies. Managers should examine them carefully for potential threats and opportunities. In particular, they should examine the potential impact of changes in tax policies concerning the Internet. This analysis of a firms current performance, appraisal of its business model, appraisal of its competitors business models, analysis of industry attractiveness, assessment of its macro environment, projection of the evolution of the Internet, and a forecast of its environmental changes is sometimes called a strengths and weaknesses, opportuniti es, and threats (SWOT) analysis. After an analysis of where the firm is now, a manager may also decide not to pursue profits as previously planned but to hone the firms capabilities to fit another firms portfolio of capabilities so that it can be acquired by the other firm. On the other hand, a firm whose exit strategy had been to be acquired, with no intention of ever making profits, may decide that it now wants to become profitable after all. In all these cases, a firm has decided to move into new areas. It is now intent on doing certain things that it had not done before. If moving into these new areas requires entirely new capabilities, the objective to do so is sometimes referred to as a firms strategic intent. WAL-MART 3) COMPANY HISTORY AND ITS FOUNDERVISION 2Samuel Moore Walton, the billionaire boy scout of Bentonville, Arkansas, built an empire on a fervid belief in value, pioneered by ideas like empowerment, and revolutionized retailing in the process. Dead at 74 after a long fight with cancer, he did not invent the discount department store, although it hardly seems possible that he didnt. He grabbed hold of the leading edge of retailing in 1962 and never let go, creating a value-powered merchandising machine that seems certain to outlive his memory.. In 1994, the still-young company earned $2.3 billion on sales of $67 billion. A $1,650 investment in 100 Wal-Mart shares in 1970, when they began trading, is worth $3 million today. He taught American business that the vast amount of American people want value. He saw the future, and he helped make the future. According to a retail executive, while Walton was one of the great showmen of retailing, if he had been a television preacher hed have become Pope. As a manager he applied such concepts as a flat organization, empowerment, and gain-sharing long before any one gave them those names. In the 1950s, he shared information and profits with all employees. He ingested as much data as he could to get close to the customer and closer to the competition. He stressed flexibility and action over deliberation. Wal-Mart is ultimately a monument to consumers: it has saved them billions. Sam Walton truly believed that nothing happens until a customer walks into a store with a purpose, buys some thing, and walks out. His philosophy was simple: satisfy the customer. Operating nearly 2,000 stores in 47 states, Wal-Mart remains the leader in the discount store industry. In addition, with over 400 Sams Clubs, Wal-Mart is a major factor in the Warehouse Club industry. Combining general merchandise and groceries, Supercenters represent the companys fastest growing segment, with 65 to 70 stores planned in fiscal 1995 on a base of 68. Walton long ago wanted manufacturers to see themselves, wholesalers, retailers, and consumers as parts of a single customer-focused process rather than as participants in a series of transactions. He personally and permanently altered the relationship between manufacturers and retailers, which has historically been, to put it politely, antagonistic. About five years ago he asked Procter Gamble executives to view a focus group of Wal-Mart executives talking about their prickly relationship with the packaged-goods company. It was sobering. His strategy clearly was that we ought to be able to work together to lower the costs of both the manufacturer and the distributor and get lower costs for consumers. Walton got both sides to focus on distribution costs and how to cut them. Wal-Mart linked PG with its computers to allow automatic reordering, thus avoiding bulges in order cycles. With better coordination of buying, PG could plan more consistent manufacturing runs, rationalize distribution, and lower its costs, passing on some of the savings. This systematic approach is now in broad use throughout the industry. Walton has been described as a visionary, and he clearly was that. His vision was apparent in 1956 as a Ben Franklin variety store owner. To lure one of his first store managers, Bob Bogle, away from the state health depart ment, Walton showed him the books and offered to pay him 25 percent of the stores net profit in addition to salary. 4) STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF WAL-MARTS SUCCESS-WAL-MARTS COMPETITIVE CAPABILITIES 4.1) Competitive Environmental Change Rivals are constantly changing their strategies and such changes, especially new game strategies, have to be watched very carefully. A firm is said to pursue a new game strategy if by performing value chain, value shop, or value configuration activities that differ from what the dominant logic of the industry dictates, or by performing the same activities differently than the logic dictates, the firm is able to offer superior customer value. Wal-Marts early strategies were new game strategies. It decided to move into small towns, saturate adjoining towns with stores, build distribution centers, and improve logistics, with an empowering culture and information technology to match. This allowed Wal-Mart to achieve high economies of scale and bargaining power over its suppliers. This in turn allowed the firm to offer its customers lower prices than its competitors. 3Low-cost operations as the result of a combination of high productivity, low over heads, low labour costs, better purchasing skills, a limited product range, or low-cost distribution. Amongst those to have achieved this are the low-cost supermarket chains. 4The global, or single brand, enables a product to adapt to new international opportunities. Travellers abroad, whether businessmen or tourists, are more likely to buy a brand they know and trust as it reduces the risk of the purchase. The greater the development of international media, the greater the opportunities for the single brand. The advent of Sky television and the increasing international coverage of satellite transmissions are examples of this widening reach. When a brand goes international, it can attract the interest of large retailers involved worldwide and successfully implemented by the like Wal-Mart to attract international customers. The global brand, having acquired a wider international presence and awareness, provides a lever for entering other markets. Be assumed to be: to maintain continued growth in the US and to extend domination internationally in targeted markets, including the Americas and Continental Europe. Its corporate objective is to achieve an annual growth above the average gained by the food retail industry in general, and above the average annual growth rate achieved by Wal-Mart over the last three years. An annual turnover growth rate of 5 per cent above in ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ation with pro ¬Ã‚ ts of 7 per cent might be set. Additional objectives (or targets) might be to increase customer loyalty as measured by customer repeat shopping visits to Wal-Mart outlets. Wal-Marts international marketing plan would cover the basic framework outlined in Table 9.1. It should indicate the groups business mission and associated corporate objectives. Thus, the Wal-Mart business mission could be assumed to be: to maintain continued growth in the US and to extend domination internationally in targeted markets, including the Americas and Continental Europe. Its corporate objective is to achieve an annual growth above the average gained by the food retail industry in general, and above the average annual growth rate achieved by Wal-Mart over the last three years. An annual turnover growth rate of 5 per cent above in ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ation with pro ¬Ã‚ ts of 7 per cent might be set. Additional objectives (or targets) might be to increase customer loyalty as measured by customer repeat shopping visits to Wal-Mart outlets. 4.2) SWOT ANALYSIS à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  [5]  Strengths This Company has reputation of value for your money, convenience and a wide range of production all in one store. This company is famous among the world over customer with respect to value the customers money and providing vides range of goods of different categories. This Company has increased its market share very sharply with in few years the years both domestically and through acquisition globally. For example, it purchased the UK based Company ASDA engaged in the business of retailing. The Wal-Mart has a very powerful strength in incorporating information technology in its business. This is very simple way in which the company operates its logistic operations efficiently in international market and also able to procure goods on timely basis. The Wal-Mart basic aim to improve its HRM department and hired the best people in their profession. Talent is key to Wal-Marts business, and its invests time and resources into the training and retention of its people. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Weaknesses This is the fact that company is weak in some area of human resource management where it runs on vast span of control. The company sold the products of many products sector like clothing, food, electronics, etc and there is no flexibility to focus on some sector of economy as its competitors do their business. The Company claimed that it operates on a global basis but this is the fact that it has a presence in few other countries. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Opportunities It has the opportunity to take over, merge with or from of organization who are operated on the world basis and focus on Europe and Asian Markets. The Stores are only in a few countries and opportunity exists to expand in large consumer markets India and China. New locations and stores types are mobbing from large super centres to local malls. Continued strategy for the opening of large super centers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Threats AS this Company claimed that its brand name is No. 1 among the retailing business. On the other hand you are the target of competitors whether they are from local business market or from international market. As the company operate in international business market then there is a probability that the Company will face political and social problems in countries where this operate. Intense price competition in a threat. 5) CONCLUSION Completing a SWOT would have identified the threat as a focus on immigration and the possibility of lost crops due to un-harvested products. That threat turned to a weakness for those organizations that did not develop alternative strategies. For those who made the investments in increased mechanical harvesting, no business interruption occurred. For those who waited, it became a competitive disadvantage. Being able to forecast changes in the market and business will lead to insight regarding potential issues and opportunities to be faced in the future. The insights gained from engaging in this forecasting exercise can then be used to create plans of action to deal with the issues before they can have detrimental effects on the functioning of the business. Although SWOT analysis is a potentially useful input to the strategic planning process, in practice it often suffers from a number of weaknesses. Amongst the most common of these is that: à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¡ The planner fails to relate strengths and weaknesses to critical success factors à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¡ Strengths and weaknesses are seen in absolute terms rather than in relation to the competition à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¡ The elements of the analysis are insufficiently specific à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¡ Competitors capabilities are underestimated and/or misunderstood à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¡ The focus is upon marketing-specific issues rather than reflecting a broader company perspective à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¡ Emphasis is placed largely upon the hard or quantifiable elements and fails to take account of managerial attitudes, cultures, capabilities and competencies. SWOT analysis can also be made more effective by thinking: à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¡ To what extent has the relative importance of the various elements been identified? à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¡ To what extent have the implications of each of the elements been examined? à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¡ To what extent does the management team really recognize the significance of the elements? à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¡ To what extent have attempts been made in the past to manage the SWOT analysis outcomes proactively?

Energy Bars and Resulting Glycemic Levels Essay -- Health Nutrition Di

Energy Bars and Resulting Glycemic Levels   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Atkins’ diet has been sweeping the nation as more and more Americans struggle to lose weight. Opposed to other diets which require less fatty foods and more fruits and vegetables, Atkins’ takes a different approach. The Atkins’ diet suggests that removal of carbohydrates alone will lead to a thinner and healthier body. Atkins’ encourages intake of low-carb and high protein foods such as meat, and discourages consumption of foods high in carbohydrates such as bread. Divergent from proteins, carboyhdrates store sugars for a longer period of time and eventually turn into fat. To accommodate the diet, Atkins came out with the low carb Atkins Advantage energy bar. But losing carbs isn’t the only path to weight loss as other bars with this macronutrient also affect glycemic levels (liquid derived from fats). Such bars, including the Balance Bar and Power Bar, substitute low-glycemic carbs for higher glycemic carbs as the former have been associated with weight gain and increased blood cholesterol. A study went underway to determine just how successful the energy bars are in affecting glycemic levels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A study took place to see just how effective energy bars are with glycemic levels. The Atkins Advantage, which in nearly free of carbs, the Balance Bar, which provides its energy from 40% carbs, 30% protein, and 30% fat, and the Power Bar, that’s high in carbs, all were scientifically studied to see how well they live up to their names. The bars were abbreviated LC for low in carbs (Atkins), MC for moderate, (Balance) and HC for high (Power). The goal of this study was to compare the different glycemic responses of each bar to wh... ... leading to faster processing of fat and muscle gain versus weight gain. The Power bar on the other hand, which contains more carbs than the average carb substance such as white bread, is affective when eaten after exercise as it replenishes loss of glycogen in the muscles. So, each bar under this study affectively alters glucose levels, but with different results. The Atkins Advantage, or LC, contains drastically lower carbs leading to weight loss. The Balance Bar assists in weight loss to a smaller degree (with have the carbs of bread) but what it lacks in pound shedding makes up for with energy (from the protein and fats). And finally the high carb Power bar, with an additional amount of carbs, provides the energy and muscle aid which in turn can lead to weight loss. In sum, each bar is functional in their different dietary functions.

Legal Case

Legal Studies In December 2002 Dominic Li answered his front door to two men (Richard Nimmo and Maua Sua) both armed with guns. Sua and Nimmo were being paid by Yonky Irvin Tan, a drug dealer whom Li’s brother in law owed money to. Both Sua and Nimmo poured hydrochloric acid onto Mr Li where he suffered burns to his face, became blind and burns to his oesophagus. Mr Li painfully passed away three weeks later due to these injuries sustained as they led to a blockage in his throat that blocked his breathing. Tan was found guilty of plannng the murder and sentenced to life in prison.Sua and Nimmo were found not guilty to the murder but found guilty on other offences. Identify the correct legal citation of the case Name: Dominic Li – Satorre v R, R v AB, R v Tan – Acid attack and murder Date: 13th December 2002 Outline the elements of the offence In this case the elements of this case include the planning of the event by Tan. This is known as the men’s rea (gu ilty mind) this is proven by Tan admitting he had planned out the act and paid Sua and Nimmo to kill Li for him. Also acts rea is established in this case.Acts rea is the guilty act and is revealed in the case by Sua and Nimmo pouring the acid on Li’s face which eventually led to Li passing away three weeks later due to the injuries suffered in the attack. The overall offence of this act was murder. Describe the factors that might have led to the criminal behaviour. Economics was the factor/motive for this murder. Li’s brother in law (Phillip Ma) owed Tan money and had disappeared. Tan then planned out the murder of Li as a way of finding out where Ma was and to portray to Ma that it was a sign that Tan was coming after him.Outline the reporting and investigation of the crime Mr Li’s murder was reported to the police by his wife who looked on in horror as her husband had the acid poured down his throat and on his face at gunpoint. The evidence that was discovere d at the crime scene was the DNA of Sua and Nimmo (Fingerprints on guns and acid bottle). Explain the role of the courts The role of the courts is to hear cases being put forward by the two parties and decide the outcome of the hearing. In this case the case was heard at the NSW Supreme Court.It was heard in Supreme Court as the offence committed was too severe for the local courts as it was a murder case. Outline the legal representation The legal representation in this case is the roles of both the crown and the prosecutor. The role of the crown in cases is to act as the prosecuting party against the defendant. The Crown is usually abbreviated or represented by R. e. g. R v Smith. The role of the prosecutor is to assist the court in that the truth of the offence has been arrived and achieved. Identify the PleaIn the case of Dominic Li’s murder the offenders involved in the crime Tan, Sua, Nimmo and Sattore all pleaded innocent but were found guilty on various offences. Firs tly Tan was found guilty of planning the murder and was sentenced to life in prison. Secondly Sua and Nimmo were found guilty but were acquitted because one of Tan’s associates that was involved in proving Sua and Nimmo’s guilt and been in prison on previous occasions was seen as unreliable. However, both Sua and Nimmo were found guilty of drug offences and both prisoned to 24 years prison.Finally Sattore, who was found guilty of driving Sua and Nimmo to Li’s house was charged with being an accessory to the crime as he admitted to having prior knowledge of the planned murder and was sentenced to 16 years in prison. After the sentences were handed down Sattore expressed his sympathy and sorrow towards the victim’s friends and family. Discuss the factors that affect the sentencing decision Factors that affect sentencing decisions are conditions that may influence the final outcome and affect the result e. g. educe or increase the punishment handed down. The se conditions are considered by the court when determining whether the defendant is guilty or innocent. Some conditions may reduce the severity of the charge. These conditions are known as mitigating offences. In addition, conditions that may result in the charge becoming more severe are known as aggravating offences. In Mr Li’s case the mitigating offence shown was that of Mr Tan’s associates being labelled as unreliable therefore leading to the murder charges on Sua and Nimmo being dropped.Explain the penalty given Penalties given to the defendant may include time in prison. The judge determines the time that the defendant has to serve in prison based on the severity of the case that is being heard. In the case of Mr Li’s murder the judge handed down the sentence of life in prison to Mr Tan, 24 years in prison to both Sua and Nimmo and 16 years imprisonment to Sattore. Analyse the extent to which the law balances the rights of victims and offenders.In cases pr esented in court, the courts have to ensure the both the rights of the victims and the offenders are upheld. These rights must be met without any bias or unfairness towards one party. In the case of Mr Dominic Li’s death, his family and Mr Li himself have had their rights maintained as they know that the people responsible for Mr Li’s death are serving a long time in prison for what they did. On the other hand the rights of the offenders have also been upheld. Justice has been served to Tan, Sua, Nimmo and Sattore.This has been done by Sua and Nimmo being acquitted because of an unreliable source being used as a witness and providing an unstable statement. However, the rights of Li’s family were once again maintained as both Sua and Nimmo were still charged for other offences and face lengthy prison sentences. Furthermore , Sattore has been dealt justice as he is still serving time for his part in the murder but hasn’t been given as severe punishment as t he other member because he did not actually take part in the killing he just drove the murderers to Li’s house.He also admits to feeling extremely sorry for his actions and all of the offenders must live with the guilt of murdering Mr Dominic Li for the rest of their lives. In conclusion, the rights of both the victims and offenders have been upheld throughout the case by the final outcome. The family of Mr Li can get a sense of security and satisfactory out of knowing that the people who killed their beloved family member are serving time behind bars. Finally, the rights of the offenders were maintained because each member was given a fair trial and received a reduce punishment except for Mr Tan. Bryce Donovan